Description 1:
Successful drug rehabilitation is not an accident. Drug rehab programs that work are those that are driven by the combined efforts of drug abuse treatment professionals and drug abuse rehab patients. If you or someone you care about is a victim of drug addiction, the plain fact of the matter is that you can’t get better without help from drug rehabilitation experts…and that those rehabilitation experts can’t help you unless you’re willing to engage with your healing. If you’ve made it this far, you shouldn’t need anyone to explain the importance of drug rehabilitation to you.
Drug addiction is an awful disease. That much is obvious to anyone who has lived with it. Remember, every journey starts with a first step. For your own sake, for the sake of the people who care about you speak as soon as possible to professionals. Your future is too important to put off until tomorrow. Successful Drug Rehab Facilities Drug rehab facilities are not places of misery. If you take anything away from this text, let it be that. Drug rehabilitation is not a miserable experience. Drug rehab centers are nothing like what you see on TV and in movies. They aren’t filled with suffering patients, or staffed by callous caregivers. The truth, in fact, is that drug abuse treatment centers are above all else places of hope: places where addicts regain the joy and vigor that drug addiction strips away.
Drug rehabilitation changes lives, helps addicts rediscover themselves as they used to be. The best addiction treatment centers are those that empower drug rehabilitation patients as agents of their own healing. As you weigh your drug treatment options, then, it’s important that you find a drug rehab program that can help you get sober on your terms, in a way that is uniquely tailored to your own individual needs. A drug rehabilitation facility can only be successful if it understands and treats patients as they actually are.
Successful Private Drug Treatment Programs: There is, of course, more to the drug rehabilitation process than drug abuse treatment facilities. Indeed, it is ultimately drug treatment programs that provide structure and substance to the rehab experience. Those patients who play the most active roles in their own recovery are invariably the ones with the best understanding of the processes that underlie it. With that in mind, it’s important to emphasize that successful drug rehabilitation must be a two-headed undertaking: physical on the one hand, psychological on the other. Drug addiction, after all, is both a physical and psychological disease, and substance abuse treatment patients are sick in both body and mind. If they’re going to get better…if they’re going to get back to living life as they used to know it…they need drug rehab treatment that confronts addiction in every form.
What to Expect as a Rehab Patient: Let there be no confusion about this; your time as a rehab patient will not be easy. Drug rehabilitation takes hard work; there’s simply no other way to put it. Addiction, after all, is an overwhelming disease, and it’s only by virtue of an overwhelming response that addiction treatment programs can effectively combat it. Such a response, in turn, must come from drug rehabilitation patients themselves, whose efforts ultimately determine the success or failure of their recoveries. Simply stated, there is no substitute for individual agency in the drug rehabilitation process. Real healing…lasting healing…comes from within. If your drug abuse treatment program is going to help you get better for good, it’s going to be because you want it to work, and because you make it work. The obvious implication, then, is that you have to be ready for a fight when you enroll in a drug abuse rehab facility. Yes, drug abuse rehabilitation centers are places of hope, and of healing…but they don’t get that way by magic. Drug abuse treatment patients are the shapers of their own futures, their own realities. For your own sake, make today the day you resolve to start shaping yours.
Description 2:
What may begin as a legitimate use of a prescription pain medication for something such as a back injury or dental work, all too often turns into a prescription drug addiction. Many commonly prescribed prescription pain killers are well known to be addictive, but the justification the physician uses is that they will only give a one-time prescription or that if there is a legitimate underlying pain issue that there is no addiction (in other words the person continues to take the pain medication because they are actually in pain and not because they are addicted). This justification is passed on to the patient who may claim to continue to have pain in order to keep receiving the pain meds. Ironically, the pain meds slow down the healing process and are known to build up acids in the muscles which causes pain, especially when the patient tries to stop taking them, so it becomes a self perpetuating vicious cycle. This person is addicted and can benefit greatly from prescription drug rehab.
Further complicating the issue is the fact that many people have become aware that they can get "high" from taking higher doses of the pain pills. Often patients will invent pains in order to get their doctor to prescribe them some pain pills so that they can sell them to friends and co-workers. Some people actually make quite a little part time income in this way. Many times an addict has convinced themselves that they are not addicted because these are available as a prescribed medication and because they really do have some sort of pain. This is one reason that a prescription drug problem can be more sinister than an addiction to an illicit drug. The other classic form of denial and belief that the user can quit if they choose to also persists. The truth is that the addict needs the help of a qualified prescription drug rehab in order to break free.
A prescription drug rehab will be identical to other types of drug rehab. The first step will be to detox the drugs from the user's system. This can be done with or without the use of medication. Hot saunas and a detox diet may also be of value. The addict will also need counseling and behavior modification therapy. They will need to get to the bottom of any emotional issues that may have lead up to their drug use and find new ways to deal with them. They may also need to find new ways to deal with physical pain, such as proper diet, massage therapy and aromatherapy.
Every type of addiction can be difficult and have a negative effect on all those involved. A prescription drug addiction problem is every bit as menacing as any other type of addiction. Recognizing the problem is the first step. Next comes realizing that you need help. Once you have reached that point, it is time to research a qualified prescription drug rehab and begin treatment. A better tomorrow begins with the choices you make today.
Description 3:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - full credit to Wikipedia, check out www.wikipedia.com for more.
This article is about the process of rehabilitation for substance dependency. For other kinds of rehabilitation, see Rehabilitation.
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006)
Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is an umbrella term for the processes of medical and/or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such asalcohol, prescription drugs, and so-called street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to cease substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse.
Contents
[hide]
[edit]Two-fold nature
Drug rehabilitation tends to address a stated twofold nature of drug dependency: physical and psychological dependency. Physical dependency involves a detoxification process to cope withwithdrawal symptoms from regular use of a drug. With regular use of many drugs, legal or otherwise, the brain gradually adapts to the presence of the drug so the desired effect is minimal. Apparently normal functioning of the user may be observed, despite being under the influence of the drug. This is how physical tolerance develops to drugs such as heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine or alcohol. It also explains why more of the drug is needed to get the same effect with regular use. The abrupt cessation of taking a drug can lead to withdrawal symptoms where the body may take weeks or months (depending on the drug involved) to return to normal. The withdrawal symptoms from certain substances, such as heroin, can induce severe malaise and dysphoria, and be quite prolonged.
[edit]Psychological dependency
Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach the patient new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. In particular, patients are generally encouraged or required not to associate with friends who still use the addictive substance. Twelve-step programs encourage addicts not only to stop using alcohol or other drugs, but to examine and change habits related to their addictions. Many programs emphasize that recovery is a permanent process without culmination. For legal drugs such as alcohol, complete abstention—rather than attempts at moderation, which may lead to relapse—is also emphasized ("One is too many, and a thousand is never enough.") Whether moderation is achievable by those with a history of abuse remains a controversial point but is generally considered unsustainable.
[edit]Types of treatment
Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation, including: residential treatment (in-patient), out-patient, local support groups, extended care centers, and recovery or sober houses. Newer rehab centers offer age and gender specific programs.[1]
In a survey of treatment providers from three separate institutions (the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors) measuring the treatment provider's responses on the Spiritual Belief Scale (a scale measuring belief in the four spiritual characteristics AA identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to explain 41% of the variance in the treatment provider's responses on the Addiction Belief Scale (a scale measuring adherence to the disease model or the free-will model addiction).[2]
[edit]Pharmacotherapies
Certain opioid medications such as methadone and more recently buprenorphine are widely used to treat addiction and dependence on other opioids such as heroin, morphine or oxycodone. Methadone and buprenorphine are maintenance therapies used with an intent of stabilizing an abnormal opioid system and used for long durations of time though both may be used to withdraw patients from narcotics over short term periods as well. Ibogaine is an experimental medication proposed to interrupt both physical dependence and psychological craving to a broad range or drugs including narcotics, stimulants, alcohol and nicotine. Some antidepressants also show use in moderating drug use, particularly to nicotine, and it has become common for researchers to re-examine already approved drugs for new uses in drug rehabilitation.
[edit]Criminal justice
Drug rehabilitation is sometimes part of the criminal justice system. People convicted of minor drug offenses may be sentenced to rehabilitation instead of prison, and those convicted of driving while intoxicated are sometimes required to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. There have been lawsuits filed, and won, regarding the requirement of attending Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step meetings as being inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution, mandating separation of church and state.[3][4]
[edit]Diseased person model
Some psychotherapists question the validity of the "diseased person" model used within the drug rehabilitation environment. Instead, they state the individual person is entirely capable of rejecting previous behaviors. Further, they contend the use of the disease model of addiction simply perpetuates the addicts' feelings of worthlessness, powerlessness, and inevitably causes inner conflicts that could be resolved if the addict were to approach addiction as behavior that is no longer productive, the same as childhood tantrums.
[edit]Counseling
Traditional addiction treatment is based primarily on counseling. However, recent discoveries have shown those suffering from addiction often have chemical imbalances that make the recovery process more difficult.
[edit]Historical Approaches to Substance Abuse Treatment
[edit]Disease Model and Twelve-Step Programs
The disease model of addiction has long contended the maladaptive patterns of alcohol and substance use displayed by addicted individuals are the result of a lifelong disease that is biological in origin and exacerbated by environmental contingencies. This conceptualization renders the individual essentially powerless over his or her problematic behaviors and unable to remain sober by himself or herself, much as individuals with a terminal illness are unable to fight the disease by themselves without medication. Behavioral treatment, therefore, necessarily requires individuals to admit their addiction, renounce their former lifestyle, and seek a supportive social network who can help them remain sober. Such approaches are the quintessential features of Twelve-step programs, originally published in the book Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939 [5]. These approaches have met considerable amounts of criticism, coming from opponents who disapprove of the spiritual-religious orientation on both psychological [6] and legal [7]grounds. Nonetheless, despite this criticism, outcome studies have revealed that affiliation with twelve-step programs predicts abstinence success at 1-year follow-up [8].
[edit]Client-Centered Approaches
In his influential book, Client-Centered Therapy, in which he presented the client-centered approach to therapeutic change, psychologist Carl Rogers proposed there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for personal change: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness. Rogers believed the presence of these three items in the therapeutic relationship could help an individual overcome any troublesome issue, including alcohol abuse. To this end, a 1957 study [9]compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory,client-centered therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy. Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in outcome. Surprisingly, client-centered therapy proved most effective. It has been argued, however, these findings may be attributable to the profound difference in therapist outlook between the two-factor and client-centered approaches, rather than to client-centered techniques per se [10]. The authors note two-factor theory involves stark disapproval of the clients’ “irrational behavior” (p. 350); this notably negative outlook could explain the results.as in some other cases
[edit]Cognitive Models of Addiction Recovery
[edit]Relapse Prevention
An influential cognitive-behavioral approach to addiction recovery and therapy has been Alan Marlatt’s (1985) Relapse Prevention approach. [12]. Marlatt describes four psychosocial processes relevant to the addiction and relapse processes: self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, attributions of causality, and decision-making processes. Self-efficacy refers to one’s ability to deal competently and effectively with high-risk, relapse-provoking situations. Outcome expectancies refer to an individual’s expectations about the psychoactive effects of an addictive substance. Attributions of causality refer to an individual’s pattern of beliefs relapse to drug use is a result of internal, or rather external, transient causes. Finally, decision-making processes are implicated in the relapse process as well. Substance use is the result of multiple decisions whose collective effects result in consumption of the intoxicant. Furthermore, Marlatt stresses some decisions—referred to as apparently irrelevant decisions—may seem inconsequential to relapse, but may actually have downstream implications that place the user in a high-risk situation.
Consider Figure 1 as an example. As a result of heavy traffic, a recovering alcoholic may decide one afternoon to exit the highway and travel on side roads. This will result in the creation of a high-risk situation when he realizes he is inadvertently driving by his old favorite bar. If this individual is able to employ successful coping strategies, such as distracting himself from his cravings by turning on his favorite music, then he will avoid the relapse risk (PATH 1) and heighten his efficacy for future abstinence. If, however, he lacks coping mechanisms—for instance, he may begin ruminating on his cravings (PATH 2)—then his efficacy for abstinence will decrease, his expectations of positive outcomes will increase, and he may experience a lapse—an isolated return to substance intoxication. So doing results in what Marlatt refers to as the Abstinence Violation Effect, characterized by guilt for having gotten intoxicated and low efficacy for future abstinence in similar tempting situations. This is a dangerous pathway, Marlatt proposes, to full-blown relapse. Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram, adapted from Marlatt & Gordon (p. 38) [12], which has been modified to present examples of the cognitive and behavioral processes that may occur at each juncture of the model.
[edit]Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse
An additional cognitively-based model of substance abuse recovery has been offered by Aaron Beck, the father of cognitive therapyand championed in his 1993 book, Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse.[13] This therapy rests upon the assumption addicted individuals possess core beliefs, often not accessible to immediate consciousness (unless the patient is also depressed). These core beliefs, such as “I am undesirable,” activate a system of addictive beliefs that result in imagined anticipatory benefits of substance use and, consequentially, craving. Once craving has been activated, permissive beliefs (“I can handle getting high just this one more time”) are facilitated. Once a permissive set of beliefs have been activated, then the individual will activate drug-seeking and drug-ingesting behaviors. The cognitive therapist’s job is to uncover this underlying system of beliefs, analyze it with the patient, and thereby demonstrate its dysfunctionality. As with any cognitive-behavioral therapy, homework assignments and behavioral exercises serve to solidify what is learned and discussed during treatment.
[edit]Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, and Substance Abuse
A growing literature is demonstrating the importance of emotion regulation in the treatment of substance abuse. For the sake of conceptual uniformity, this section uses the tobacco cessation as the chief example; however, since nicotine and other psychoactive substances such as cocaine activate similar psychopharmacological pathways, [14] an emotion regulation approach may be similarly applicable to a wider array of substances of abuse. Proposed models of affect-driven tobacco use have focused on negative reinforcement as the primary driving force for addiction; according to such theories, tobacco is used because it helps one escape from the undesirable effects of nicotine withdrawal or other negative moods. [15] Currently, research is being conducted to determine the efficacy of mindfulness based approaches to smoking cessation, in which patients are encouraged to identify and recognize their negative emotional states and prevent the maladaptive, impulsive/compulsive responses they have developed to deal with them (such as cigarette smoking or other substance use). [16]
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ Rehab Centers
- ^ Schaler, Jeffrey Alfred (1997). "Addiction Beliefs of Treatment michael vick Providers: Factors Explaining Variance". Addiction Research & Theory 4 (4): 367–384. doi:10.3109/16066359709002970. ISSN 1476-7392.
- ^ Egelko, Bob (2007-09-08). "Appeals court says requirement to attend AA unconstitutional". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ^ Inouye vs. Kemna page 11889
- ^ Alcoholics Anonymous (June 2001). Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th edition, Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.ISBN 1893007162. OCLC 32014950
- ^ Bandura, A. (1999). A sociocognitive analysis of substance abuse: An agentic perspective. Psychological Science, 10(3), 214-217.
- ^ Wood, Ron (December 7, 2006). Suit challenges court ordered 12-step programs: Constitutionality of forced participation in program questioned. The Morning News. Retrieved 2008-5-22.
- ^ Moos, R.H., Finney, J.W., Ouimette, P.C., & Suchinsky, R.T. (1999). A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment: I. Treatment orientation, amount of care, and 1-year outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(3), 529–536.
- ^ Ends, E.J., & Page, C.W. (1957). A study of three types of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18, 263-277.
- ^ Cartwright, A.K.J. (1981). Are different therapeutic perspectives important in the treatment of alcoholism? British Journal of Addiction, 76, 347-361.
- ^ Hopper, E. (1995). A psychoanalytical theory of 'drug addiction': Unconscious fantasies of homosexuality, compulsions and masturbation within the context of traumatogenic processes. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76, 1121-1142.
- ^ a b Marlatt, G.A. (1985). Cognitive factors in the relapse process. In G.A. Marlatt & J.R. Gordon (Eds.), Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.
- ^ Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993). Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. Guilford Press; New York. 169-186.
- ^ Mendelson, J.H., Sholar, M.B., Goletiani, N., Siegel, A.J., & Mello, N.K. (2005). Effects of low and high nicotine smoking on mood states and the HPA axis in men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(9), 1751-1763.
- ^ Carmody, T.P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J.A. (2007). Negative affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 499-508.
- ^ Carmody, T.P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J.A. (2007). Positive affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 499-508.
Tags: drug, drug rebab, canadian pharmacy, drug addiction treatment, drug rehab florida, drug rehab centers, drug rehab cost, drug rehabs, drug rehab programs, drug treatment, drug rehabilitation
xB6w0h8-jVlzw99u_kXrgba5iVZzDQyxaW7HAErHmL0
Description 1:
Successful drug rehabilitation is not an accident. Drug rehab programs that work are those that are driven by the combined efforts of drug abuse treatment professionals and drug abuse rehab patients. If you or someone you care about is a victim of drug addiction, the plain fact of the matter is that you can’t get better without help from drug rehabilitation experts…and that those rehabilitation experts can’t help you unless you’re willing to engage with your healing. If you’ve made it this far, you shouldn’t need anyone to explain the importance of drug rehabilitation to you.
Drug addiction is an awful disease. That much is obvious to anyone who has lived with it. Remember, every journey starts with a first step. For your own sake, for the sake of the people who care about you speak as soon as possible to professionals. Your future is too important to put off until tomorrow. Successful Drug Rehab Facilities Drug rehab facilities are not places of misery. If you take anything away from this text, let it be that. Drug rehabilitation is not a miserable experience. Drug rehab centers are nothing like what you see on TV and in movies. They aren’t filled with suffering patients, or staffed by callous caregivers. The truth, in fact, is that drug abuse treatment centers are above all else places of hope: places where addicts regain the joy and vigor that drug addiction strips away.
Drug rehabilitation changes lives, helps addicts rediscover themselves as they used to be. The best addiction treatment centers are those that empower drug rehabilitation patients as agents of their own healing. As you weigh your drug treatment options, then, it’s important that you find a drug rehab program that can help you get sober on your terms, in a way that is uniquely tailored to your own individual needs. A drug rehabilitation facility can only be successful if it understands and treats patients as they actually are.
Successful Private Drug Treatment Programs: There is, of course, more to the drug rehabilitation process than drug abuse treatment facilities. Indeed, it is ultimately drug treatment programs that provide structure and substance to the rehab experience. Those patients who play the most active roles in their own recovery are invariably the ones with the best understanding of the processes that underlie it. With that in mind, it’s important to emphasize that successful drug rehabilitation must be a two-headed undertaking: physical on the one hand, psychological on the other. Drug addiction, after all, is both a physical and psychological disease, and substance abuse treatment patients are sick in both body and mind. If they’re going to get better…if they’re going to get back to living life as they used to know it…they need drug rehab treatment that confronts addiction in every form.
What to Expect as a Rehab Patient: Let there be no confusion about this; your time as a rehab patient will not be easy. Drug rehabilitation takes hard work; there’s simply no other way to put it. Addiction, after all, is an overwhelming disease, and it’s only by virtue of an overwhelming response that addiction treatment programs can effectively combat it. Such a response, in turn, must come from drug rehabilitation patients themselves, whose efforts ultimately determine the success or failure of their recoveries. Simply stated, there is no substitute for individual agency in the drug rehabilitation process. Real healing…lasting healing…comes from within. If your drug abuse treatment program is going to help you get better for good, it’s going to be because you want it to work, and because you make it work. The obvious implication, then, is that you have to be ready for a fight when you enroll in a drug abuse rehab facility. Yes, drug abuse rehabilitation centers are places of hope, and of healing…but they don’t get that way by magic. Drug abuse treatment patients are the shapers of their own futures, their own realities. For your own sake, make today the day you resolve to start shaping yours.
Description 2:
What may begin as a legitimate use of a prescription pain medication for something such as a back injury or dental work, all too often turns into a prescription drug addiction. Many commonly prescribed prescription pain killers are well known to be addictive, but the justification the physician uses is that they will only give a one-time prescription or that if there is a legitimate underlying pain issue that there is no addiction (in other words the person continues to take the pain medication because they are actually in pain and not because they are addicted). This justification is passed on to the patient who may claim to continue to have pain in order to keep receiving the pain meds. Ironically, the pain meds slow down the healing process and are known to build up acids in the muscles which causes pain, especially when the patient tries to stop taking them, so it becomes a self perpetuating vicious cycle. This person is addicted and can benefit greatly from prescription drug rehab.
Further complicating the issue is the fact that many people have become aware that they can get "high" from taking higher doses of the pain pills. Often patients will invent pains in order to get their doctor to prescribe them some pain pills so that they can sell them to friends and co-workers. Some people actually make quite a little part time income in this way. Many times an addict has convinced themselves that they are not addicted because these are available as a prescribed medication and because they really do have some sort of pain. This is one reason that a prescription drug problem can be more sinister than an addiction to an illicit drug. The other classic form of denial and belief that the user can quit if they choose to also persists. The truth is that the addict needs the help of a qualified prescription drug rehab in order to break free.
A prescription drug rehab will be identical to other types of drug rehab. The first step will be to detox the drugs from the user's system. This can be done with or without the use of medication. Hot saunas and a detox diet may also be of value. The addict will also need counseling and behavior modification therapy. They will need to get to the bottom of any emotional issues that may have lead up to their drug use and find new ways to deal with them. They may also need to find new ways to deal with physical pain, such as proper diet, massage therapy and aromatherapy.
Every type of addiction can be difficult and have a negative effect on all those involved. A prescription drug addiction problem is every bit as menacing as any other type of addiction. Recognizing the problem is the first step. Next comes realizing that you need help. Once you have reached that point, it is time to research a qualified prescription drug rehab and begin treatment. A better tomorrow begins with the choices you make today.
Description 3:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - full credit to Wikipedia, check out www.wikipedia.com for more.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006) |
Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is an umbrella term for the processes of medical and/or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such asalcohol, prescription drugs, and so-called street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to cease substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Two-fold nature
Drug rehabilitation tends to address a stated twofold nature of drug dependency: physical and psychological dependency. Physical dependency involves a detoxification process to cope withwithdrawal symptoms from regular use of a drug. With regular use of many drugs, legal or otherwise, the brain gradually adapts to the presence of the drug so the desired effect is minimal. Apparently normal functioning of the user may be observed, despite being under the influence of the drug. This is how physical tolerance develops to drugs such as heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine or alcohol. It also explains why more of the drug is needed to get the same effect with regular use. The abrupt cessation of taking a drug can lead to withdrawal symptoms where the body may take weeks or months (depending on the drug involved) to return to normal. The withdrawal symptoms from certain substances, such as heroin, can induce severe malaise and dysphoria, and be quite prolonged.
[edit]Psychological dependency
Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach the patient new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. In particular, patients are generally encouraged or required not to associate with friends who still use the addictive substance. Twelve-step programs encourage addicts not only to stop using alcohol or other drugs, but to examine and change habits related to their addictions. Many programs emphasize that recovery is a permanent process without culmination. For legal drugs such as alcohol, complete abstention—rather than attempts at moderation, which may lead to relapse—is also emphasized ("One is too many, and a thousand is never enough.") Whether moderation is achievable by those with a history of abuse remains a controversial point but is generally considered unsustainable.
[edit]Types of treatment
Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation, including: residential treatment (in-patient), out-patient, local support groups, extended care centers, and recovery or sober houses. Newer rehab centers offer age and gender specific programs.[1]
In a survey of treatment providers from three separate institutions (the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors) measuring the treatment provider's responses on the Spiritual Belief Scale (a scale measuring belief in the four spiritual characteristics AA identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to explain 41% of the variance in the treatment provider's responses on the Addiction Belief Scale (a scale measuring adherence to the disease model or the free-will model addiction).[2]
[edit]Pharmacotherapies
Certain opioid medications such as methadone and more recently buprenorphine are widely used to treat addiction and dependence on other opioids such as heroin, morphine or oxycodone. Methadone and buprenorphine are maintenance therapies used with an intent of stabilizing an abnormal opioid system and used for long durations of time though both may be used to withdraw patients from narcotics over short term periods as well. Ibogaine is an experimental medication proposed to interrupt both physical dependence and psychological craving to a broad range or drugs including narcotics, stimulants, alcohol and nicotine. Some antidepressants also show use in moderating drug use, particularly to nicotine, and it has become common for researchers to re-examine already approved drugs for new uses in drug rehabilitation.
[edit]Criminal justice
Drug rehabilitation is sometimes part of the criminal justice system. People convicted of minor drug offenses may be sentenced to rehabilitation instead of prison, and those convicted of driving while intoxicated are sometimes required to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. There have been lawsuits filed, and won, regarding the requirement of attending Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step meetings as being inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution, mandating separation of church and state.[3][4]
[edit]Diseased person model
Some psychotherapists question the validity of the "diseased person" model used within the drug rehabilitation environment. Instead, they state the individual person is entirely capable of rejecting previous behaviors. Further, they contend the use of the disease model of addiction simply perpetuates the addicts' feelings of worthlessness, powerlessness, and inevitably causes inner conflicts that could be resolved if the addict were to approach addiction as behavior that is no longer productive, the same as childhood tantrums.
[edit]Counseling
Traditional addiction treatment is based primarily on counseling. However, recent discoveries have shown those suffering from addiction often have chemical imbalances that make the recovery process more difficult.
[edit]Historical Approaches to Substance Abuse Treatment
[edit]Disease Model and Twelve-Step Programs
The disease model of addiction has long contended the maladaptive patterns of alcohol and substance use displayed by addicted individuals are the result of a lifelong disease that is biological in origin and exacerbated by environmental contingencies. This conceptualization renders the individual essentially powerless over his or her problematic behaviors and unable to remain sober by himself or herself, much as individuals with a terminal illness are unable to fight the disease by themselves without medication. Behavioral treatment, therefore, necessarily requires individuals to admit their addiction, renounce their former lifestyle, and seek a supportive social network who can help them remain sober. Such approaches are the quintessential features of Twelve-step programs, originally published in the book Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939 [5]. These approaches have met considerable amounts of criticism, coming from opponents who disapprove of the spiritual-religious orientation on both psychological [6] and legal [7]grounds. Nonetheless, despite this criticism, outcome studies have revealed that affiliation with twelve-step programs predicts abstinence success at 1-year follow-up [8].
[edit]Client-Centered Approaches
In his influential book, Client-Centered Therapy, in which he presented the client-centered approach to therapeutic change, psychologist Carl Rogers proposed there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for personal change: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness. Rogers believed the presence of these three items in the therapeutic relationship could help an individual overcome any troublesome issue, including alcohol abuse. To this end, a 1957 study [9]compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory,client-centered therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy. Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in outcome. Surprisingly, client-centered therapy proved most effective. It has been argued, however, these findings may be attributable to the profound difference in therapist outlook between the two-factor and client-centered approaches, rather than to client-centered techniques per se [10]. The authors note two-factor theory involves stark disapproval of the clients’ “irrational behavior” (p. 350); this notably negative outlook could explain the results.as in some other cases
[edit]Cognitive Models of Addiction Recovery
[edit]Relapse Prevention
An influential cognitive-behavioral approach to addiction recovery and therapy has been Alan Marlatt’s (1985) Relapse Prevention approach. [12]. Marlatt describes four psychosocial processes relevant to the addiction and relapse processes: self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, attributions of causality, and decision-making processes. Self-efficacy refers to one’s ability to deal competently and effectively with high-risk, relapse-provoking situations. Outcome expectancies refer to an individual’s expectations about the psychoactive effects of an addictive substance. Attributions of causality refer to an individual’s pattern of beliefs relapse to drug use is a result of internal, or rather external, transient causes. Finally, decision-making processes are implicated in the relapse process as well. Substance use is the result of multiple decisions whose collective effects result in consumption of the intoxicant. Furthermore, Marlatt stresses some decisions—referred to as apparently irrelevant decisions—may seem inconsequential to relapse, but may actually have downstream implications that place the user in a high-risk situation.
Consider Figure 1 as an example. As a result of heavy traffic, a recovering alcoholic may decide one afternoon to exit the highway and travel on side roads. This will result in the creation of a high-risk situation when he realizes he is inadvertently driving by his old favorite bar. If this individual is able to employ successful coping strategies, such as distracting himself from his cravings by turning on his favorite music, then he will avoid the relapse risk (PATH 1) and heighten his efficacy for future abstinence. If, however, he lacks coping mechanisms—for instance, he may begin ruminating on his cravings (PATH 2)—then his efficacy for abstinence will decrease, his expectations of positive outcomes will increase, and he may experience a lapse—an isolated return to substance intoxication. So doing results in what Marlatt refers to as the Abstinence Violation Effect, characterized by guilt for having gotten intoxicated and low efficacy for future abstinence in similar tempting situations. This is a dangerous pathway, Marlatt proposes, to full-blown relapse. Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram, adapted from Marlatt & Gordon (p. 38) [12], which has been modified to present examples of the cognitive and behavioral processes that may occur at each juncture of the model.
[edit]Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse
An additional cognitively-based model of substance abuse recovery has been offered by Aaron Beck, the father of cognitive therapyand championed in his 1993 book, Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse.[13] This therapy rests upon the assumption addicted individuals possess core beliefs, often not accessible to immediate consciousness (unless the patient is also depressed). These core beliefs, such as “I am undesirable,” activate a system of addictive beliefs that result in imagined anticipatory benefits of substance use and, consequentially, craving. Once craving has been activated, permissive beliefs (“I can handle getting high just this one more time”) are facilitated. Once a permissive set of beliefs have been activated, then the individual will activate drug-seeking and drug-ingesting behaviors. The cognitive therapist’s job is to uncover this underlying system of beliefs, analyze it with the patient, and thereby demonstrate its dysfunctionality. As with any cognitive-behavioral therapy, homework assignments and behavioral exercises serve to solidify what is learned and discussed during treatment.
[edit]Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, and Substance Abuse
A growing literature is demonstrating the importance of emotion regulation in the treatment of substance abuse. For the sake of conceptual uniformity, this section uses the tobacco cessation as the chief example; however, since nicotine and other psychoactive substances such as cocaine activate similar psychopharmacological pathways, [14] an emotion regulation approach may be similarly applicable to a wider array of substances of abuse. Proposed models of affect-driven tobacco use have focused on negative reinforcement as the primary driving force for addiction; according to such theories, tobacco is used because it helps one escape from the undesirable effects of nicotine withdrawal or other negative moods. [15] Currently, research is being conducted to determine the efficacy of mindfulness based approaches to smoking cessation, in which patients are encouraged to identify and recognize their negative emotional states and prevent the maladaptive, impulsive/compulsive responses they have developed to deal with them (such as cigarette smoking or other substance use). [16]
[edit]See also
[edit]References
- ^ Rehab Centers
- ^ Schaler, Jeffrey Alfred (1997). "Addiction Beliefs of Treatment michael vick Providers: Factors Explaining Variance". Addiction Research & Theory 4 (4): 367–384. doi:10.3109/16066359709002970. ISSN 1476-7392.
- ^ Egelko, Bob (2007-09-08). "Appeals court says requirement to attend AA unconstitutional". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ^ Inouye vs. Kemna page 11889
- ^ Alcoholics Anonymous (June 2001). Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th edition, Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.ISBN 1893007162. OCLC 32014950
- ^ Bandura, A. (1999). A sociocognitive analysis of substance abuse: An agentic perspective. Psychological Science, 10(3), 214-217.
- ^ Wood, Ron (December 7, 2006). Suit challenges court ordered 12-step programs: Constitutionality of forced participation in program questioned. The Morning News. Retrieved 2008-5-22.
- ^ Moos, R.H., Finney, J.W., Ouimette, P.C., & Suchinsky, R.T. (1999). A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment: I. Treatment orientation, amount of care, and 1-year outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(3), 529–536.
- ^ Ends, E.J., & Page, C.W. (1957). A study of three types of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18, 263-277.
- ^ Cartwright, A.K.J. (1981). Are different therapeutic perspectives important in the treatment of alcoholism? British Journal of Addiction, 76, 347-361.
- ^ Hopper, E. (1995). A psychoanalytical theory of 'drug addiction': Unconscious fantasies of homosexuality, compulsions and masturbation within the context of traumatogenic processes. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76, 1121-1142.
- ^ a b Marlatt, G.A. (1985). Cognitive factors in the relapse process. In G.A. Marlatt & J.R. Gordon (Eds.), Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.
- ^ Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993). Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. Guilford Press; New York. 169-186.
- ^ Mendelson, J.H., Sholar, M.B., Goletiani, N., Siegel, A.J., & Mello, N.K. (2005). Effects of low and high nicotine smoking on mood states and the HPA axis in men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(9), 1751-1763.
- ^ Carmody, T.P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J.A. (2007). Negative affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 499-508.
- ^ Carmody, T.P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J.A. (2007). Positive affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 499-508.
Tags: drug, drug rebab, canadian pharmacy, drug addiction treatment, drug rehab florida, drug rehab centers, drug rehab cost, drug rehabs, drug rehab programs, drug treatment, drug rehabilitation
xB6w0h8-jVlzw99u_kXrgba5iVZzDQyxaW7HAErHmL0
